Los efectos adversos de la luz artificial por la noche
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22201/codeic.16076079e.2018.v19n3.a4Palabras clave:
ritmos circadianos, contaminación lumínica, depresión, alteraciones circadianas, síndrome metabólico, cáncerResumen
Nuestro cuerpo tiene un reloj biológico y todos los tejidos son osciladores que siguen al ciclo diario de luz-oscuridad para poder cambiar la intensidad de la conducta y nuestras funciones fisiológicas y de esta forma hacernos más eficientes según si estamos despiertos o dormidos. Nuestro reloj biológico reconoce cuando está oscuro y cuando hay luz y lo interpreta como día y noche. Con el uso de la luz eléctrica, que comenzó alrededor del siglo pasado, este sistema temporal ha sido alterada. Los científicos han comenzado a señalar que la exposición a la luz por la noche confunde al reloj biológico lo cual puede tener consecuencias sociales, ecológicas, conductuales y para la salud. Las personas que se exponen a la luz eléctrica por largas horas durante la noche son las más afectadas, particularmente los trabajadores nocturnos. Sin embargo, cambios en el estilo de vida han llevado a que jóvenes y niños se expongan desde edades tempranas a este fenómeno conocido como “contaminación lumínica”. En este texto pretendemos exhibir las evidencias clínicas y experimentales que indican que la luz artificial por la noche es un factor adverso, promotor de alteraciones en el sistema circadiano, en la fisiología y, por lo tanto, la contaminación lumínica es un factor de riesgo para la salud pública.
Citas
Baez-Ruiz, A., Guerrero-Vargas, N. N., Cazarez-Marquez, F., Sabath, E., Basualdo, M. D. C., Salgado-Delgado, R., . . . Buijs, R. M. (2017). Food in synchrony with melatonin and corticosterone relieves constant light disturbed metabolism. J Endocrinol, 235(3), 167-178. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1530/joe-17-0370
Blackburn, S., & Patteson, D. (1991). Effects of cycled light on activity state and cardiorespiratory function in preterm infants. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 4(4), 47-54. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1993985
Boivin, D. B., Duffy, J. F., Kronauer, R. E. y Czeisler, C. A. (1996). Dose-response relationships for resetting of human circadian clock by light. Nature, 379(6565), 540-542. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1038/379540a0
Buijs, R. M. y Kalsbeek, A. (2001). Hypothalamic integration of central and peripheral clocks. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2(7), 521-526. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1038/35081582
Buijs, R. M., van Eden, C. G., Goncharuk, V. D. y Kalsbeek, A. (2003). The biological clock tunes the organs of the body: timing by hormones and the autonomic nervous system. J Endocrinol, 177(1), 17-26.
Canal, M. M., Mohammed, N. M., & Rodríguez, J. J. (2009). Early programming of astrocyte organization in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei by light. Chronobiology International. The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research, 26(8), 1545-1558. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3109/07420520903398542
Chepesiuk, R. (2009). Missing the dark: health effects of light pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(1), A20-27. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627884/
Cho, C. H., Lee, H. J., Yoon, H. K., Kang, S. G., Bok, K. N., Jung, K. Y., Kim. L. y Lee, E. I. (2016). Exposure to dim artificial light at night increases REM sleep and awakenings in humans. Chronobiology International. The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research, 33(1), 117-123. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2015.1108980
Coomans, C. P., van den Berg, S. A., Houben, T., van Klinken, J. B., van den Berg, R., Pronk, A. C., . . . Meijer, J. H. (2013). Detrimental effects of constant light exposure and high-fat diet on circadian energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Faseb j, 27(4), 1721-1732. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-210898
Danilenko, K. V., Cajochen, C., & Wirz-Justice, A. (2003). Is sleep per se a zeitgeber in humans? Journal of Biological Rhythms, 18(2), 170-178. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/0748730403251732
Dauchy, R. T., Dauchy, E. M., Tirrell, R. P., Hill, C. R., Davidson, L. K., Greene, M. W., Tirrell, P.C., Wu, J., Sauer, L. A. y Blask, D. E. (2010). Dark-phase light contamination disrupts circadian rhythms in plasma measures of endocrine physiology and metabolism in rats. Comparative Medicine, 60(5), 348-356. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21262119
Edgar, N. y McClung, C. A. (2013). Major depressive disorder: a loss of circadian synchrony? Bioessays, 35(11), 940-944. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201300086
Escobar, C., Salgado-Delgado, R., Gonzalez-Guerra, E., Tapia Osorio, A., Angeles-Castellanos, M. y Buijs, R. M. (2011). Circadian disruption leads to loss of homeostasis and disease. Sleep Disord, 2011, 964510. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/964510
Falchi, F., Cinzano, P., Elvidge, C. D., Keith, D. M. y Haim, A. (2011). Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(10), 2714-2722. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.029
Fonken, L. K., Aubrecht, T. G., Melendez-Fernandez, O. H., Weil, Z. M. y Nelson, R. J. (2013). Dim light at night disrupts molecular circadian rhythms and increases body weight. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 28(4), 262-271. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/0748730413493862
Fonken, L. K., Finy, M. S., Walton, J. C., Weil, Z. M., Workman, J. L., Ross, J. y Nelson, R. J. (2009). Influence of light at night on murine anxiety- and depressive-like responses. Behav Brain Res, 205(2), 349-354. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.07.001
Fonken, L. K., Kitsmiller, E., Smale, L. y Nelson, R. J. (2012). Dim nighttime light impairs cognition and provokes depressive-like responses in a diurnal rodent. J Biol Rhythms, 27(4), 319-327. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/0748730412448324
Fonken, L. K. y Nelson, R. J. (2013). Dim light at night increases depressive-like responses in male C3H/HeNHsd mice. Behav Brain Res, 243, 74-78. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.046
Fonken, L. K. y Nelson, R. J. (2014). The effects of light at night on circadian clocks and metabolism. Endocr Rev, 35(4), 648-670. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1210/er.2013-1051
Fonken, L. K., Weil, Z. M. y Nelson, R. J. (2013). Mice exposed to dim light at night exaggerate inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide. Brain Behav Immun, 34, 159-163. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.08.011
Fujioka, A., Fujioka, T., Tsuruta, R., Izumi, T., Kasaoka, S., & Maekawa, T. (2011). Effects of a constant light environment on hippocampal neurogenesis and memory in mice. Neurosci Lett, 488(1), 41-44. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.11.001
Germain, A. y Kupfer, D. J. (2008). Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental, 23(7), 571-585. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/hup.964
Golombek, D. A. y Rosenstein, R. E. (2010). Physiology of circadian entrainment. Physiol Rev, 90(3), 1063-1102. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00009.2009
Gonciarz, M., Gonciarz, Z., Bielanski, W., Mularczyk, A., Konturek, P. C., Brzozowski, T. y Konturek, S. J. (2010). The pilot study of 3-month course of melatonin treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: effect on plasma levels of liver enzymes, lipids and melatonin. J Physiol Pharmacol, 61(6), 705-710.
Gooley, J. J., Chamberlain, K., Smith, K. A., Khalsa, S. B., Rajaratnam, S. M., Van Reen, E., Zeitzer, J. M., Czeisler, C. A. y Lockley, S. W. (2011). Exposure to room light before bedtime suppresses melatonin onset and shortens melatonin duration in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96(3), E463-472. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2098
Grone, B. P., Chang, D., Bourgin, P., Cao, V., Fernald, R. D., Heller, H. C., & Ruby, N. F. (2011). Acute light exposure suppresses circadian rhythms in clock gene expression. J Biol Rhythms, 26(1), 78-81. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/0748730410388404
Grundy, A., Sanchez, M., Richardson, H., Tranmer, J., Borugian, M., Graham, C. H. y Aronson, K. J. (2009). Light intensity exposure, sleep duration, physical activity, and biomarkers of melatonin among rotating shift nurses. Chronobiology International. The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research, 26(7), 1443-1461. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3109/07420520903399987
Guerrero-Vargas, N. N., Guzman-Ruiz, M., Fuentes, R., Garcia, J., Salgado-Delgado, R., Basualdo Mdel, C.,… Buijs, R. M. (2015). Shift Work in Rats Results in Increased Inflammatory Response after Lipopolysaccharide Administration: A Role for Food Consumption. J Biol Rhythms, 30(4), 318-330. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/0748730415586482
Guerrero-Vargas, N. N., Navarro-Espindola, R., Guzman-Ruiz, M. A., Basualdo, M. D. C., Espitia-Bautista, E., Lopez-Bago, A., . . . Escobar, C. (2017). Circadian disruption promotes tumor growth by anabolic host metabolism; experimental evidence in a rat model. BMC Cancer, 17(1), 625. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3636-3
He, C., Anand, S. T., Ebell, M. H., Vena, J. E. y Robb, S. W. (2015). Circadian disrupting exposures and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 88(5), 533-547. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-014-0986-x
Ikeda, M., Sagara, M. y Inoue, S. (2000). Continuous exposure to dim illumination uncouples temporal patterns of sleep, body temperature, locomotion and drinking behavior in the rat. Neurosci Lett, 279(3), 185-189.
Isobe, Y. y Nishino, H. (1998). AVP rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in relation to locomotor activity under constant light. Peptides, 19(5), 827-832. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9663447
Kalsbeek, A., Palm, I. F., La Fleur, S. E., Scheer, F. A., Perreau-Lenz, S., Ruiter, M., Kreier, F, Cailotto, C. y Buijs, R. M. (2006). SCN outputs and the hypothalamic balance of life. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 21(6), 458-469. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/0748730406293854
Killick, R., Banks, S., & Liu, P. Y. (2012). Implications of sleep restriction and recovery on metabolic outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 97(11), 3876-3890. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1845.
Klerman, E. B., Rimmer, D. W., Dijk, D. J., Kronauer, R. E., Rizzo, J. F., 3rd, y Czeisler, C. A. (1998). Nonphotic entrainment of the human circadian pacemaker. Am J Physiol, 274(4 Pt 2), R991-996.
Knutsson, A. (2003). Health disorders of shift workers. Occupational Medicine, 53(2), 103-108. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqg048
Lam, R. W. (2006). Sleep disturbances and depression: a challenge for antidepressants. Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 21 Suppl 1, S25-29. doi:10.1097/01.yic.0000195658.91524.61.
Leproult, R., & Van Cauter, E. (2010). Role of sleep and sleep loss in hormonal release and metabolism. Endocr Dev, 17, 11-21. doi:10.1159/000262524.
Lewy, A. J., Wehr, T. A., Goodwin, F. K., Newsome, D. A. y Markey, S. P. (1980). Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science, 210(4475), 1267-1269. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7434030
Luchetti, F., Canonico, B., Betti, M., Arcangeletti, M., Pilolli, F., Piroddi, M., . . . Galli, F. (2010). Melatonin signaling and cell protection function. Faseb j, 24(10), 3603-3624. doi:10.1096/fj.10-154450.
Ma, W. P., Cao, J., Tian, M., Cui, M. H., Han, H. L., Yang, Y. X., & Xu, L. (2007). Exposure to chronic constant light impairs spatial memory and influences long-term depression in rats. Neurosci Res, 59(2), 224-230. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.1474
Mendez, N., Abarzua-Catalan, L., Vilches, N., Galdames, H. A., Spichiger, C., Richter, H. G., . . . Torres-Farfan, C. (2012). Timed maternal melatonin treatment reverses circadian disruption of the fetal adrenal clock imposed by exposure to constant light. PLoS One, 7(8), e42713. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042713
Morikawa, Y., Sakurai, M., Nakamura, K., Nagasawa, S. Y., Ishizaki, M., Kido, T., Naruse, Y. y Nakagawa, H. (2013). Correlation between shift-work-related sleep problems and heavy drinking in Japanese male factory workers. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 48(2), 202-206. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/ags128
Nathan, P. J., Burrows, G. D. y Norman, T. R. (1999). Melatonin sensitivity to dim white light in affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(3), 408-413. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-133x(99)00018-4
Navara, K. J., y Nelson, R. J. (2007). The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences. Journal of Pineal Research, 43(3), 215-224. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00473.x
Navarro-Alarcon, M., Ruiz-Ojeda, F. J., Blanca-Herrera, R. M., MM, A. S., Acuna-Castroviejo, D., Fernandez-Vazquez, G., & Agil, A. (2014). Melatonin and metabolic regulation: a review. Food Funct, 5(11), 2806-2832. doi:10.1039/c4fo00317a.
Nir, I. (2003). Melatonin for the treatment of disorders in circadian rhythm and sleep: could it form a basis for medication? Receptors Channels, 9(6), 379-385.
Obayashi, K., Saeki, K., Iwamoto, J., Okamoto, N., Tomioka, K., Nezu, S., Ikada, Y. y Kurumatani, N. (2013). Exposure to light at night, nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion, and obesity/dyslipidemia in the elderly: a cross-sectional analysis of the HEIJO-KYO study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98(1), 337-344. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2874
Ohta, H., Mitchell, A. C., & McMahon, D. G. (2006). Constant light disrupts the developing mouse biological clock. Pediatric research, 60(3), 304-308. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1203/01.pdr.0000233114.18403.66
Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Srinivasan, V., Maestroni, G. J., Cardinali, D. P., Poeggeler, B., & Hardeland, R. (2006). Melatonin: Nature’s most versatile biological signal? Febs j, 273(13), 2813-2838. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05322.x.
Pauley, S. M. (2004). Lighting for the human circadian clock: recent research indicates that lighting has become a public health issue. Medical Hypotheses, 63(4), 588-596. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2004.03.020
Qian, J., Block, G. D., Colwell, C. S. yMatveyenko, A. V. (2013). Consequences of exposure to light at night on the pancreatic islet circadian clock and function in rats. Diabetes, 62(10), 3469-3478. DOI: http://doi.org/10.2337/db12-1543.
Rajaratnam, S. M. y Arendt, J. (2001). Health in a 24-h society. The Lancet, 358(9286), 999-1005. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06108-6
Rasmussen, D. D., Boldt, B. M., Wilkinson, C. W., Yellon, S. M., & Matsumoto, A. M. (1999). Daily melatonin administration at middle age suppresses male rat visceral fat, plasma leptin, and plasma insulin to youthful levels. Endocrinology, 140(2), 1009-1012. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1210/endo.140.2.6674
Reiter, R. (2006). Contaminación lumínica: Supresión del ritmo circadiano de melatonina y sus consecuencias para la salud. Cronobiología básica y clínica (pp. 269-289). Madrid: Madrid JA, Rol de Lama A.
Ribeiro, D. C., Hampton, S. M., Morgan, L., Deacon, S., & Arendt, J. (1998). Altered postprandial hormone and metabolic responses in a simulated shift work environment. J Endocrinol, 158(3), 305-310.
Rivkees, S. A., Mayes, L., Jacobs, H. y Gross, I. (2004). Rest-activity patterns of premature infants are regulated by cycled lighting. Pediatrics, 113(4), 833-839. Recuperado de http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/4/833?download=true
Roman, E. y Karlsson, O. (2013). Increased anxiety-like behavior but no cognitive impairments in adult rats exposed to constant light conditions during perinatal development. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 118(4), 222-227. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3109/03009734.2013.821191
Salgado-Delgado, R., Angeles-Castellanos, M., Buijs, M. R., & Escobar, C. (2008). Internal desynchronization in a model of night-work by forced activity in rats. Neuroscience, 154(3), 922-931. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.066.
Salgado-Delgado, R., Angeles-Castellanos, M., Saderi, N., Buijs, R. M., & Escobar, C. (2010). Food intake during the normal activity phase prevents obesity and circadian desynchrony in a rat model of night work. Endocrinology, 151(3), 1019-1029. doi:10.1210/en.2009-0864.
Schernhammer, E. S., Feskanich, D., Liang, G. y Han, J. (2013). Rotating night-shift work and lung cancer risk among female nurses in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology, 178(9), 1434-1441. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt155
Seron-Ferre, M., Mendez, N., Abarzua-Catalan, L., Vilches, N., Valenzuela, F. J., Reynolds, H. E., Llanos, A., Rojas, A., Valenzuela, G. y Torres-Farfan, C. (2012). Circadian rhythms in the fetus. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 349(1), 68-75. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.039
Shuboni, D., & Yan, L. (2010). Nighttime dim light exposure alters the responses of the circadian system. Neuroscience, 170(4), 1172-1178. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.009
Sigurdardottir, L. G., Valdimarsdottir, U. A., Fall, K., Rider, J. R., Lockley, S. W., Schernhammer, E., & Mucci, L. A. (2012). Circadian disruption, sleep loss, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 21(7), 1002-1011. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.Epi-12-0116
Spiegel, K., Tasali, E., Leproult, R., Scherberg, N., & Van Cauter, E. (2011). Twenty-four-hour profiles of acylated and total ghrelin: relationship with glucose levels and impact of time of day and sleep. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96(2), 486-493. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1978.
Stevens, R. G., Brainard, G. C., Blask, D. E., Lockley, S. W. y Motta, M. E. (2013). Breast cancer and circadian disruption from electric lighting in the modern world. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 64(3), 207-218. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21218
Tapia-Osorio, A., Salgado-Delgado, R., Angeles-Castellanos, M., & Escobar, C. (2013). Disruption of circadian rhythms due to chronic constant light leads to depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in the rat. Behav Brain Res, 252, 1-9. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.028
Turek, F. W. (2007). From circadian rhythms to clock genes in depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 22 Suppl 2, S1-8. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.yic.0000277956.93777.6a
van Cauter, E., Holmback, U., Knutson, K., Leproult, R., Miller, A., Nedeltcheva, A., Pannain, S., • Penev, P., • Tasali, E. y Spiegel, K. (2007). Impact of sleep and sleep loss on neuroendocrine and metabolic function. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 67 Suppl 1, 2-9. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1159/000097543
Vasquez-Ruiz, S., Maya-Barrios, J. A., Torres-Narvaez, P., Vega-Martinez, B. R., Rojas-Granados, A., Escobar, C. y Angeles-Castellanos, M. (2014). A light/dark cycle in the NICU accelerates body weight gain and shortens time to discharge in preterm infants. Early Human Development, 90(9), 535-540. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.04.015
Vinogradova, I. A., Anisimov, V. N., Bukalev, A. V., Semenchenko, A. V., & Zabezhinski, M. A. (2009). Circadian disruption induced by light-at-night accelerates aging and promotes tumorigenesis in rats. Aging (Albany NY), 1(10), 855-865. doi:10.18632/aging.100092.
Wideman, C. H. y Murphy, H. M. (2009). Constant light induces alterations in melatonin levels, food intake, feed efficiency, visceral adiposity, and circadian rhythms in rats. Nutritional Neuroscience, 12(5), 233-240. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1179/147683009×423436
Wolden-Hanson, T., Mitton, D. R., McCants, R. L., Yellon, S. M., Wilkinson, C. W., Matsumoto, A. M., & Rasmussen, D. D. (2000). Daily melatonin administration to middle-aged male rats suppresses body weight, intraabdominal adiposity, and plasma leptin and insulin independent of food intake and total body fat. Endocrinology, 141(2), 487-497. doi:10.1210/endo.141.2.7311.
Zeitzer, J. M., Dijk, D. J., Kronauer, R., Brown, E. y Czeisler, C. (2000). Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression. The Journal of Physiology, 526 Pt 3, 695-702. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10922269
Zimberg, I. Z., Fernandes Junior, S. A., Crispim, C. A., Tufik, S. y de Mello, M. T. (2012). Metabolic impact of shift work. Work, 41 Suppl 1, 4376-4383. DOI:10.3233/wor-2012-0733-4376.
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2020 Revista Digital Universitaria
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Revista Digital Universitaria es editada por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional. Basada en una obra en http://revista.unam.mx/.
