The last of us: Science fiction or a possibility in the face of climate change?

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22201/cuaieed.16076079e.2024.25.2.10

Keywords:

Cordyceps, climatic change, global warming, emerging diseases

Abstract

The video game The last of us proposes a pandemic caused by the fungus Cordyceps spp. In this scenario, infected people end up as will-less beings with automaton and cannibalistic behaviors, and the uninfected human population is crowded together in quarantine zones. Before 2019, this would have seemed something laughable, but after a pandemic caused by an emerging virus and two years in confinement, it may be cause for reflection… Could a fungus be responsible for the next pandemic?

Author Biographies

Carolina Brunner Mendoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina

Carolina Brunner-Mendoza has a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences and is an associate professor at the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology in the Mycology Unit. Her main lines of research are fungi of medical importance, entomopathogenic fungi, and molecular systematics of fungi.

Alejandro Jaramillo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático

Alejandro Jaramillo is a doctor in Hydrology and a researcher associated with the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Tropical Hydroclimatology Group of UNAM. His lines of research are related to tropical hydrometeorology and climate variability.

Christian Domínguez, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático

Christian Domínguez is a doctor in Sciences and an associate researcher at the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Tropical Hydroclimatology Group of UNAM. Her main lines of research are tropical cyclones and tropical meteorology.

Conchita Toriello, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina

Conchita Toriello has a Ph.D. in Sciences. She is a full professor at the Faculty of Medicine in the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology in the Mycology Unit. Her main lines of research are fungi of medical importance and entomopathogenic fungi used in biological control.

References

Boomsma, J. J., Jensen, A. B., Meyling, N. V., y Eilenberg, J. (2014). Evolutionary interaction networks of insect pathogenic fungi. Annual Review of Entomology, 59, 467-485. https://doi.org/bfsn

Garcia-Solache, M. A., y Casadevall, A. (2010). Global warming will bring new fungal diseases for mammals. MBio, 1(1). e00061-10. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00061-10

Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, Á., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J. P., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A. J., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., . . . Thépaut, J. (2020). The era5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal Of The Royal Meteorological Society, 146(730), 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803

Hartmann, D. L. (2016). Global Physical Climatology (2.a ed.). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-00030-0

Hatton, M. N., Desai, K., Le, D., y Vu, A. (2018). Excessive postextraction bleeding associated with Cordyceps sinensis: A case report and review of select traditional medicines used by Vietnamese people living in the United States. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, 126(6), 494-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2018.07.005

Hawksworth. D. L., y Lücking, R. (2017). Fungal Diversity Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 Million Species. Microbiology Spectrum 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0052-2016

Hughes, D. P., Andersen, S. B., Hywel-Jones, N. L., Himaman, W., Billen, J., y Boomsma, J. J. (2011). Behavioral mechanisms and morphological symptoms of zombie ants dying from fungal infection. bmc Ecology, 11, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6785-11-13

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (ipcc). (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (Eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/

Jaramillo, A., y Mendoza-Ponce, A. (2022). Climate Change Overview. En M. G. Frías-De-León, C. Brunner-Mendoza, M. del R. Reyes-Montes, y E. Duarte-Escalante (Eds.), The Impact of Climate Change on Fungal Diseases (pp. 1-18). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/mhbp

Jáuregui, E. (2000). El clima de la ciudad de México. Plaza y Valdés.

Köhler, J. R., Casadevall, A., y Perfect, J. (2014). The spectrum of fungi that infects humans. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 5(1), a019273. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a019273

Paterson, R. R. (2008). Cordyceps: a traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? Phytochemistry, 69(7), 1469-95. https://doi.org/bhmzhq

PlayStation Latinoamérica. (2022, 24 de agosto). The Last of Us Part I | Tráiler de Lanzamiento [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/8a3Aga7JJgE?si=devE2McJ3cg1U5UC

Rokas, A. (2022). Evolution of the human pathogenic lifestyle in fungi. Nature Microbiology, 7, 607-619. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01112-0

Schweta, Abdullah, S., Komal, y Kumar, A. (2023). A brief review on the medicinal uses of Cordyceps militaris. Pharmacological Research – Modern Chinese Medicine, 7, 100228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.100228

Tangkiatkumjai, M., Chaiyarak, S., Sripr, S., Lumboot, U., Absuwan, W., y Changsirikulchai, S. (2022). Acute kidney injury related to Cordyceps militaris: A case series [Preprint, In Review]. https://doi.org/mhbq

Thines, M. (2019). An evolutionary framework for host shifts – jumping ships for survival. The New Phytologist, 224(2), 605-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16092

Published

2024-03-06