Epigenética: candados y llaves durante la lectura del ADN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22201/cuaieed.16076079e.2020.21.6.4Palabras clave:
genética, epigenética, expresión de genes, ambiente, desarrollo, enfermedadesResumen
Hasta mediados del siglo pasado, se pensaba que el desarrollo y las características fenotípicas de los organismos dependían únicamente de la información comprendida en los genes. Asimismo, la propensión a enfermedades se atribuía únicamente a mutaciones en la secuencia de adn de los genes. No obstante, en las últimas décadas se ha puesto especial atención a un nuevo tipo de regulación genómica en la célula: la epigenética. Esta rama de la biología estudia cómo los factores externos de la célula regulan la expresión de los genes sin modificar su secuencia de nucleótidos. Dicha regulación se basa en cambios químicos que pueden actuar como llaves o candados para permitir o bloquear la expresión de un gen. De manera interesante, el ambiente constituye el principal modulador epigenético, ya que, dependiendo de las condiciones a las que esté expuesto el organismo, determinará cuáles genes se abren y cuáles se bloquean. Así, lo que comemos, lo que percibimos y el lugar en donde vivimos, regularán la forma en que se expresan nuestros genes a lo largo de nuestra vida.
Citas
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